The document provides an overview of key cities to visit during the Renaissance period in Italy, including Florence, Rome, and Venice. It describes Florence as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, known for its strong economy, influential families like the Medicis, and developments in art and architecture. Rome became the center of the Renaissance movement in the 15th century as popes attracted famous artists to rebuild and beautify the city. Venice was a powerful and prosperous republic, where East met West, with a thriving trade economy that supported many artists and craftspeople.
1. The Italian Renaissance began in the late Middle Ages as people questioned the institutions and teachings of the medieval church and sought to return to the learning of ancient Greece and Rome.
2. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice became centers of politics, trade, and patronage of the arts as wealthy families like the Medicis in Florence and Sforzas in Milan rose to power.
3. Renaissance scholars and artists drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman texts and ruins, fueling a rebirth of interest in secular and humanist ideals that emphasized human potential and worldly pleasures over spiritual life.
Italy in the 15th century saw significant growth and development, particularly in art, architecture, and trade. Several powerful city-states emerged, including Florence, Rome, and Venice. Florence thrived as a center of wealth and culture, driven by its textile industry and banking. Rome rebounded after a period of decline to again become a great capital under the restored papacy. Venice maintained its strong economy and political stability through trade. Across Italy, the Renaissance period saw influential artists like Giotto, Masaccio, and Michelangelo introduce new styles and techniques in works that appeared highly realistic. Clothing served as an indicator of social status, and different classes had distinct roles, educations, and standards of living
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Italian Renaissance between the 14th and 16th centuries. It discusses the economic, social, political, artistic, architectural, educational and philosophical developments during this period. Some of the major figures and works mentioned include Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli's The Prince, and the spread of humanism throughout Europe via the printing press.
Art and Culture - Module 08 - Renaissance (Mid and Northern)Randy Connolly
Eighth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Northern Renaissance, and then moves back to Italy to look at the art of the later 15th century. It also has an extended digression on changing representations of the human body over the 15th century.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The Italian Renaissance began in Florence in the late Middle Ages and spread across Europe. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. The wealthy city-states of Florence, Rome, Venice, Genoa, and Milan competed to commission art and architecture that demonstrated their power and wealth, leading to advances in these fields. Key figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and others who achieved great realism and mastery of techniques like perspective and anatomy. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas widely.
This document provides an overview of travel information for visiting Italy. It includes a map of Italy and details sections on which cities to visit like Florence, Venice, and Rome. It also covers how to get around Italy via land and water transportation. The document discusses Italian customs, manners, politics, society, beliefs, and daily life. It provides recommendations on what to wear, see, do, eat, and stay during a trip to Italy. Overall, the document serves as a guide for planning a trip and experiencing Italian culture, history, and destinations.
This travel guide provides information about 7 journeys through Renaissance Italy. The first journey introduces the topic and explains that visiting Florence, Rome, and Venice will provide context about the Italian Renaissance. Journey 2 describes the three city-states and notes their development was closely connected to the Renaissance. Further journeys discuss transportation, clothing, food, manners, health, art/architecture, and famous figures of the time period. The document concludes with background information on when, where, and why the Renaissance occurred.
1. The Italian Renaissance began in the late Middle Ages as people questioned the institutions and teachings of the medieval church and sought to return to the learning of ancient Greece and Rome.
2. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice became centers of politics, trade, and patronage of the arts as wealthy families like the Medicis in Florence and Sforzas in Milan rose to power.
3. Renaissance scholars and artists drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman texts and ruins, fueling a rebirth of interest in secular and humanist ideals that emphasized human potential and worldly pleasures over spiritual life.
Italy in the 15th century saw significant growth and development, particularly in art, architecture, and trade. Several powerful city-states emerged, including Florence, Rome, and Venice. Florence thrived as a center of wealth and culture, driven by its textile industry and banking. Rome rebounded after a period of decline to again become a great capital under the restored papacy. Venice maintained its strong economy and political stability through trade. Across Italy, the Renaissance period saw influential artists like Giotto, Masaccio, and Michelangelo introduce new styles and techniques in works that appeared highly realistic. Clothing served as an indicator of social status, and different classes had distinct roles, educations, and standards of living
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Italian Renaissance between the 14th and 16th centuries. It discusses the economic, social, political, artistic, architectural, educational and philosophical developments during this period. Some of the major figures and works mentioned include Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli's The Prince, and the spread of humanism throughout Europe via the printing press.
Art and Culture - Module 08 - Renaissance (Mid and Northern)Randy Connolly
Eighth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Northern Renaissance, and then moves back to Italy to look at the art of the later 15th century. It also has an extended digression on changing representations of the human body over the 15th century.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The Italian Renaissance began in Florence in the late Middle Ages and spread across Europe. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. The wealthy city-states of Florence, Rome, Venice, Genoa, and Milan competed to commission art and architecture that demonstrated their power and wealth, leading to advances in these fields. Key figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and others who achieved great realism and mastery of techniques like perspective and anatomy. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas widely.
This document provides an overview of travel information for visiting Italy. It includes a map of Italy and details sections on which cities to visit like Florence, Venice, and Rome. It also covers how to get around Italy via land and water transportation. The document discusses Italian customs, manners, politics, society, beliefs, and daily life. It provides recommendations on what to wear, see, do, eat, and stay during a trip to Italy. Overall, the document serves as a guide for planning a trip and experiencing Italian culture, history, and destinations.
This travel guide provides information about 7 journeys through Renaissance Italy. The first journey introduces the topic and explains that visiting Florence, Rome, and Venice will provide context about the Italian Renaissance. Journey 2 describes the three city-states and notes their development was closely connected to the Renaissance. Further journeys discuss transportation, clothing, food, manners, health, art/architecture, and famous figures of the time period. The document concludes with background information on when, where, and why the Renaissance occurred.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning and values. Several Italian city-states, like Florence, Rome, Venice, and Milan, became centers of the Renaissance and saw cultural and artistic flourishing due to wealth accumulated through trade and banking. Renowned artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced famous works that defined the era. The widespread use of the printing press also helped spread Renaissance ideas across Europe.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It describes how the Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century as trade increased, allowing certain city-states like Florence to become wealthy centers of art, literature, and culture. Important figures that helped spread Renaissance ideas included Petrarch, Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The document also summarizes how Martin Luther and other reformers criticized the Catholic Church's corruption and indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation and a split in Christianity.
This document provides an overview of global contact between 1450-1600 by summarizing key developments in several regions:
- The Indian Ocean trade world connected China, India, Southeast Asia, and the Persian Gulf. Peoples of Southeast Asia shared Austronesian languages and women had relatively high status.
- The trans-Saharan gold and slave trades linked Africa to North Africa and the Middle East. Arab and African merchants exported African slaves.
- European voyages of discovery were spurred by desires for luxury goods, religion, knowledge, and competition. Advances in navigation enabled Portuguese and Spanish exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
- Spanish conquests of the Aztec and Inca Empires led
The document provides a travel guide for visiting Renaissance Italy, summarizing key information about 3 important cities - Florence, Rome, and Venice - including sights to see and aspects of daily life. Transportation during this period was typically by land using horses and wagons, or by water via ship. Clothing, manners, religion, and views of beauty reflected the culture and social norms of Renaissance society. The guide highlights important spots and customs in each city to understand the Renaissance period.
This travel guide provides information for visiting Italy during the Renaissance period. It outlines major cities to visit like Florence, Venice, and Rome. It describes various modes of transportation available by water, land, and animal. It also covers local customs, what different social classes wore, common forms of street entertainment, and festivals. The guide is intended to help travelers learn about and navigate life in Renaissance-era Italy.
Itu social studies lesson plan 1 renaissancebwall6
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century as a period of renewal and recovery from the plague and Dark Ages. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan served as centers of trade and patronage of the arts as people moved away from the church and focused more on secular and humanist ideas. Artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci produced renowned works that captured realistic human emotion. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe, influencing literature, philosophy, and culture.
Renaissance notes sir naveed yousaf semester 1FRK NIAZI
The Renaissance period between the 14th-17th centuries marked a revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe after the Middle Ages. It began in Italy and spread to other regions. Notable patrons like the Medicis in Florence supported Renaissance artists and thinkers. The era was characterized by a turn away from rigid religious doctrine toward embracing humanism, secularism, and individualism. Major artistic achievements included works by figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Shakespeare that reflected a newly realistic, detailed style inspired by classical antiquity. The invention of the printing press also helped spread new Renaissance ideas.
Art and Culture - Module 07 - Renaissance (Early)Randy Connolly
Seventh module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers the beginnings of the cultural movement known as the Renaissance. It focuses on the three key figures of the early Renaissance: Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance between 1350-1600. It describes the Renaissance as a period of cultural change and achievement that began in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe. Some key points:
1) The Black Plague and political instability in the 14th century led to a recovery and rebirth of interest in classical antiquity which influenced politics, art, and humanism.
2) Italian city-states like Milan, Venice, and Florence prospered economically and played important political roles, lacking a strong central ruler.
3) Humanism emerged, based on the study of classical Greek and Roman works, which emphasized intellect, civic involvement, and the individual.
Titian: portraits of power, knowledge and seductionguimera
the most powerful men of his time, the Emperor Charles V, Philip II and Francis I, doges, popes and cardinals ...
to immortalize themselves, they chose Titian, acknowledged as the greatest of living painters, the painter of power
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It discusses the major developments including the rebirth of humanism and individualism, the development of nation-states, drastic changes in artistic methods and thinking, voyages of discovery to the New World, and the Protestant Reformation and resulting civil wars. It then focuses on the specific causes and events of the Renaissance in Italy, with Florence emerging as the birthplace due to factors like trade, wealthy banking families like the Medicis, and great individual artists and thinkers including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Brunelleschi.
Medieval art in Portugal began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was influenced by feudalism and the Catholic Church. The Romanesque style appeared between the 11th and 12th centuries and was characterized by robust architecture made from local materials like granite and limestone. Gothic art incorporated religious sculpture and the Manueline style, inspired by Portugal's naval power, featured decorative elements of maritime motifs on buildings like the Jerónimos Monastery. A unique period of Portuguese art declined when the country came under Spanish rule from 1580-1640.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period from 1350-1550. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy as a "rebirth" that drew inspiration from classical Greece and Rome. Powerful city-states replaced the feudal system and a more secular worldview emerged. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci embodied the "Renaissance man" ideal of having broad and deep knowledge across many fields. The Renaissance also saw developments in painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts that emulated styles of ancient civilizations.
1. The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century as people rejected medieval values and looked to classical antiquity for inspiration, sparking an explosion of creativity.
2. Italian city-states like Florence and Milan saw the rise of the Renaissance due to their thriving economies, wealthy merchant class, and heritage of ancient Greek and Roman culture.
3. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis in Florence became important patrons of the arts during the Renaissance, financially supporting artists and demonstrating their power and importance.
This document provides a historical overview of travel from ancient times to the 19th century. It discusses how trade and commerce drove travel in ancient times. As civilization developed, travel became more about exploration. The Renaissance marked a period when the aristocracy and intelligentsia would take educational tours of France and Italy, known as the Grand Tour. The 19th century saw the rise of modern tourism alongside the Industrial Revolution, which increased wealth and improved transportation, allowing the working class to travel for leisure.
The Renaissance began in Italy between 1300-1600. Italian cities like Florence thrived as centers of trade which brought wealth and led to opportunities for education, scientific pursuits, and the arts. A new wealthy merchant class became patrons of the arts, supporting artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. The Renaissance emphasized classical influences and humanism, focusing on human achievements and potential.
Here are 3 potential questions to ask about the document:
1. How did European rulers encourage the spread of Renaissance ideas and what method did they use?
- European rulers encouraged the spread of Renaissance ideas by becoming patrons of the arts and financially supporting artists. This helped popularize Renaissance ideas.
2. How does Albrecht Durer's work reflect Renaissance ideas?
- Albrecht Durer was a famous Renaissance artist from Northern Europe. His works would have reflected Renaissance ideas like naturalism, interest in classical antiquity, and emphasis on human individuality.
3. What did Christian humanists set out to do and what method did they use?
- Christian humanists set out to reconcile Christian theology with ancient
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance period in Europe. It began with the reopening of the Silk Road by the Mongols and Marco Polo's travels to China. The Black Death led to economic growth as survivors had more resources. Scholars fled the fall of Constantinople bringing ancient Greek and Roman texts to Italy, fueling a focus on humanism and secular ideas. Notable Renaissance figures included Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Johannes Gutenberg who invented the printing press, spreading ideas faster than ever before.
Florence, capital of Italy’s Tuscany region, is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art and architecture. One of its most iconic sights is the Duomo, a cathedral with a terracotta-tiled dome engineered by Brunelleschi and a bell tower by Giotto.
This presentation discusses the timeline and evolution of Florence, both culturally and in terms of the size of the city.
During the 1400s in Italy, a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture known as the Renaissance developed. Wealthy patrons supported artists and scholars in the Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, and Florence. Renaissance thinkers explored humanism and secular ideas and used observation rather than religious teachings to explain the world. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others developed new techniques and created extremely lifelike paintings.
The document provides background information on the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as people's interest in classical Greek and Roman culture grew. Renaissance scholars studied humanism and questioned medieval teachings, prioritizing secular and individual pursuits over religion. The Italian city-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice grew prosperous centers and patrons of the arts during this period.
The document provides background on the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the 14th century, sparked by a revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman arts, literature, and philosophy known as humanism. The Renaissance spread north in the 15th-16th centuries as Italian ideas and artistic styles influenced other regions. Key developments included advances in painting, sculpture, architecture, science, and education, as new ideas challenged medieval scholastic traditions. Prominent figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Erasmus helped spread Renaissance ideals across Europe.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning and values. Several Italian city-states, like Florence, Rome, Venice, and Milan, became centers of the Renaissance and saw cultural and artistic flourishing due to wealth accumulated through trade and banking. Renowned artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced famous works that defined the era. The widespread use of the printing press also helped spread Renaissance ideas across Europe.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It describes how the Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century as trade increased, allowing certain city-states like Florence to become wealthy centers of art, literature, and culture. Important figures that helped spread Renaissance ideas included Petrarch, Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The document also summarizes how Martin Luther and other reformers criticized the Catholic Church's corruption and indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation and a split in Christianity.
This document provides an overview of global contact between 1450-1600 by summarizing key developments in several regions:
- The Indian Ocean trade world connected China, India, Southeast Asia, and the Persian Gulf. Peoples of Southeast Asia shared Austronesian languages and women had relatively high status.
- The trans-Saharan gold and slave trades linked Africa to North Africa and the Middle East. Arab and African merchants exported African slaves.
- European voyages of discovery were spurred by desires for luxury goods, religion, knowledge, and competition. Advances in navigation enabled Portuguese and Spanish exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
- Spanish conquests of the Aztec and Inca Empires led
The document provides a travel guide for visiting Renaissance Italy, summarizing key information about 3 important cities - Florence, Rome, and Venice - including sights to see and aspects of daily life. Transportation during this period was typically by land using horses and wagons, or by water via ship. Clothing, manners, religion, and views of beauty reflected the culture and social norms of Renaissance society. The guide highlights important spots and customs in each city to understand the Renaissance period.
This travel guide provides information for visiting Italy during the Renaissance period. It outlines major cities to visit like Florence, Venice, and Rome. It describes various modes of transportation available by water, land, and animal. It also covers local customs, what different social classes wore, common forms of street entertainment, and festivals. The guide is intended to help travelers learn about and navigate life in Renaissance-era Italy.
Itu social studies lesson plan 1 renaissancebwall6
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century as a period of renewal and recovery from the plague and Dark Ages. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan served as centers of trade and patronage of the arts as people moved away from the church and focused more on secular and humanist ideas. Artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci produced renowned works that captured realistic human emotion. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe, influencing literature, philosophy, and culture.
Renaissance notes sir naveed yousaf semester 1FRK NIAZI
The Renaissance period between the 14th-17th centuries marked a revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe after the Middle Ages. It began in Italy and spread to other regions. Notable patrons like the Medicis in Florence supported Renaissance artists and thinkers. The era was characterized by a turn away from rigid religious doctrine toward embracing humanism, secularism, and individualism. Major artistic achievements included works by figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Shakespeare that reflected a newly realistic, detailed style inspired by classical antiquity. The invention of the printing press also helped spread new Renaissance ideas.
Art and Culture - Module 07 - Renaissance (Early)Randy Connolly
Seventh module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers the beginnings of the cultural movement known as the Renaissance. It focuses on the three key figures of the early Renaissance: Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance between 1350-1600. It describes the Renaissance as a period of cultural change and achievement that began in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe. Some key points:
1) The Black Plague and political instability in the 14th century led to a recovery and rebirth of interest in classical antiquity which influenced politics, art, and humanism.
2) Italian city-states like Milan, Venice, and Florence prospered economically and played important political roles, lacking a strong central ruler.
3) Humanism emerged, based on the study of classical Greek and Roman works, which emphasized intellect, civic involvement, and the individual.
Titian: portraits of power, knowledge and seductionguimera
the most powerful men of his time, the Emperor Charles V, Philip II and Francis I, doges, popes and cardinals ...
to immortalize themselves, they chose Titian, acknowledged as the greatest of living painters, the painter of power
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It discusses the major developments including the rebirth of humanism and individualism, the development of nation-states, drastic changes in artistic methods and thinking, voyages of discovery to the New World, and the Protestant Reformation and resulting civil wars. It then focuses on the specific causes and events of the Renaissance in Italy, with Florence emerging as the birthplace due to factors like trade, wealthy banking families like the Medicis, and great individual artists and thinkers including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Brunelleschi.
Medieval art in Portugal began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was influenced by feudalism and the Catholic Church. The Romanesque style appeared between the 11th and 12th centuries and was characterized by robust architecture made from local materials like granite and limestone. Gothic art incorporated religious sculpture and the Manueline style, inspired by Portugal's naval power, featured decorative elements of maritime motifs on buildings like the Jerónimos Monastery. A unique period of Portuguese art declined when the country came under Spanish rule from 1580-1640.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period from 1350-1550. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy as a "rebirth" that drew inspiration from classical Greece and Rome. Powerful city-states replaced the feudal system and a more secular worldview emerged. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci embodied the "Renaissance man" ideal of having broad and deep knowledge across many fields. The Renaissance also saw developments in painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts that emulated styles of ancient civilizations.
1. The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century as people rejected medieval values and looked to classical antiquity for inspiration, sparking an explosion of creativity.
2. Italian city-states like Florence and Milan saw the rise of the Renaissance due to their thriving economies, wealthy merchant class, and heritage of ancient Greek and Roman culture.
3. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis in Florence became important patrons of the arts during the Renaissance, financially supporting artists and demonstrating their power and importance.
This document provides a historical overview of travel from ancient times to the 19th century. It discusses how trade and commerce drove travel in ancient times. As civilization developed, travel became more about exploration. The Renaissance marked a period when the aristocracy and intelligentsia would take educational tours of France and Italy, known as the Grand Tour. The 19th century saw the rise of modern tourism alongside the Industrial Revolution, which increased wealth and improved transportation, allowing the working class to travel for leisure.
The Renaissance began in Italy between 1300-1600. Italian cities like Florence thrived as centers of trade which brought wealth and led to opportunities for education, scientific pursuits, and the arts. A new wealthy merchant class became patrons of the arts, supporting artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. The Renaissance emphasized classical influences and humanism, focusing on human achievements and potential.
Here are 3 potential questions to ask about the document:
1. How did European rulers encourage the spread of Renaissance ideas and what method did they use?
- European rulers encouraged the spread of Renaissance ideas by becoming patrons of the arts and financially supporting artists. This helped popularize Renaissance ideas.
2. How does Albrecht Durer's work reflect Renaissance ideas?
- Albrecht Durer was a famous Renaissance artist from Northern Europe. His works would have reflected Renaissance ideas like naturalism, interest in classical antiquity, and emphasis on human individuality.
3. What did Christian humanists set out to do and what method did they use?
- Christian humanists set out to reconcile Christian theology with ancient
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance period in Europe. It began with the reopening of the Silk Road by the Mongols and Marco Polo's travels to China. The Black Death led to economic growth as survivors had more resources. Scholars fled the fall of Constantinople bringing ancient Greek and Roman texts to Italy, fueling a focus on humanism and secular ideas. Notable Renaissance figures included Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Johannes Gutenberg who invented the printing press, spreading ideas faster than ever before.
Florence, capital of Italy’s Tuscany region, is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art and architecture. One of its most iconic sights is the Duomo, a cathedral with a terracotta-tiled dome engineered by Brunelleschi and a bell tower by Giotto.
This presentation discusses the timeline and evolution of Florence, both culturally and in terms of the size of the city.
During the 1400s in Italy, a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture known as the Renaissance developed. Wealthy patrons supported artists and scholars in the Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, and Florence. Renaissance thinkers explored humanism and secular ideas and used observation rather than religious teachings to explain the world. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others developed new techniques and created extremely lifelike paintings.
The document provides background information on the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as people's interest in classical Greek and Roman culture grew. Renaissance scholars studied humanism and questioned medieval teachings, prioritizing secular and individual pursuits over religion. The Italian city-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice grew prosperous centers and patrons of the arts during this period.
The document provides background on the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the 14th century, sparked by a revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman arts, literature, and philosophy known as humanism. The Renaissance spread north in the 15th-16th centuries as Italian ideas and artistic styles influenced other regions. Key developments included advances in painting, sculpture, architecture, science, and education, as new ideas challenged medieval scholastic traditions. Prominent figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Erasmus helped spread Renaissance ideals across Europe.
DISCUSSION QUESTION PART ONE THE ART OF POLITICS PLEASE ANSWER QU.docxelinoraudley582231
DISCUSSION QUESTION PART ONE THE ART OF POLITICS? PLEASE ANSWER QUESTION & RESPOND TO THE 4 REMARKS FROM OTHERS, COMPLETELY, RELEVANTLY & COMPETENTLY?
Did Florence's political and economic culture create the conditions that made it such a hotbed of brilliant art and science, or did the city's strong humanist thinking shape its politics and economy? What made it so much more successful artistically and culturally than, say, Milan, Rome, or Naples?
On a more lighthearted note in the end: which of the Italian city states would strike you personally as the best place for the era? What are the positives and negatives of the relatively stable but somewhat tyrannical Milan? Elite-led commercial republic of Venice? Guild and commerce -driven Lucca and Florence? Church-centered Rome? Naples with its landed gentry? PLEASE LABLE AND IDENTIFY ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION? PLEASE ANSWER THE QUESTION COMPLETELY?
PLEASE RESPOND TO THE 4 FOLLOWING Remarks OF OTHERS? Please “number” or identify EACH RESPONSE?FLORENTINE LC Florentine LC
1.Affluent Florentines(if am saying this right) became outstanding patrons of art and culture in Italian culture Leon Battista Alberti and others became powerful men who were able to reform architecture and styles of painting which defined the Renaissance period. Even though he was affluent, Leon Alberti was a humanist determined to use his skill to add to the life of ordinary citizens. (Gilmour, 76)
The art of politics and the politics of artPG
2.Florence, with more justification be called an oligarchy. There was also a large class with no political power whatever, the workers, especially those employed by the wool manufacturers. They were not members of any guilds, were forbidden to form guilds of their own, and were the worst sufferers in time of economic depression. They were one of the earliest examples of a modern industrial proletariat. Their discontent might break out from time to time, but they never succeeded in acquiring permanent political status.
Art of PoliticsFJ
3.Florence’s strong humanist thinking shaped the politics and economy. Beginning with Petrarch and bringing humanism into light, the ruling elites of Florence wanted to look to the past Roman and Greek styles of literature, art and architecture to make the present better. Florence ended up being the cultural center of the Renaissance due to the banking empire brought in by the Medici family. As banking continued to soar, the elite became richer and needed to invest in something. Why not flaunt your money by giving money to artists to create works for you? Patronizing the arts became such a large part of the Renaissance, and it was because of the large increase in disposable income by the elites that allowed it to happen. This further led to investments in architecture (like Brunelleschi’s Dome and the doors of the Baptistery). Such a large concentration of capital in Florence led many to flock to the city, such as Leonardo da Vinci. Other cities may have had.
The Italian Renaissance had a significant impact on European culture and society. It led to a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture that influenced all aspects of life, including art, education, literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. Notable Italian artists and thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced renowned works that are still famous today and helped shift perspectives to a more human-centered view. Their innovative techniques and styles, like Leonardo's use of oil paint, also had lasting impacts and influenced future generations. Overall, the Italian Renaissance marked an important period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe.
The document provides an overview of the European Renaissance period from approximately 1350-1600 AD. It began as a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy after centuries of poverty and decline during the Middle Ages. This new humanist worldview valued individualism and embraced rational thought. In Italy, the Renaissance was centered in cities like Florence, Rome, and Venice, where new wealth, contact with Byzantine scholars, and ruins of ancient Rome inspired artistic and intellectual developments. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced masterworks that reflected the period's emphasis on realism, anatomy, and classical ideals. Machiavelli also wrote The Prince during this time, which influenced modern
Was Catherine De Medici A Success Or A FailureBrianna Johnson
Catherine De Medici was born in Florence, Italy and later became Queen of France after marrying King Henry II. As queen, she did not have any real power and her husband paid more attention to his mistress. After King Henry's death, Catherine became the ruler of France and started a religious war between Catholics and Protestants to maintain her power, something no other woman had done. She also contributed to French culture by building many lavish buildings, introducing new foods, and teaching etiquette.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Italy, beginning in the 14th-15th centuries. It discusses key figures like Giotto and Vasari who helped establish a more realistic style of art. It examines the historical causes and cultural influences on the Renaissance, including developments in philosophy, literature, and the growing power of city-states like Florence. The Renaissance is framed as both a revival of classical antiquity as well as a culmination of medieval tendencies, influenced by developments in Christianity. Regional styles are also explored, such as the Byzantine influences in Venice.
The document discusses the effects of the Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries. It states that the Crusades weakened the Byzantine Empire and allowed the Ottoman Turks to eventually conquer Constantinople in 1453. The Crusades also expanded cultural and economic exchange between Europe and the Middle East, increasing knowledge of places like Palestine in Europe. This stimulated trade and the development of banking/accounting in Italian cities like Venice and Genoa. The Crusades also introduced new technologies, literature, heraldry, and architectural styles to Europe. However, the cultural exchange was mostly from East to West, and the Crusades had negative impacts on the Muslim world by undermining tolerance.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late middle ages and spread across Europe. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. Three important factors in the rise of the Renaissance were the growing wealth and power of Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan due to trade, which enabled cultural development; the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, thanks to scholars like Petrarch; and new artistic techniques and perspectives developed by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael that mimicked nature. The movement enhanced science, philosophy, art, and literature.
The document provides context on the Early Renaissance period in three paragraphs. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy between 1400-1600 as an artistic revival centered on classical Greco-Roman styles and ideals. Key factors that influenced this rebirth were the decline of Constantinople which brought Greek scholars to Italy, and the rediscovery of classical texts. The arts during this period, especially painting, sculpture and architecture, began embracing principles of realism, anatomy, and linear perspective that had been lost since antiquity. Major artists like Masaccio and Botticelli produced influential works that advanced these naturalistic styles and techniques.
During the Italian Renaissance:
- Filippo Brunelleschi discovered linear perspective, creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface.
- Italian artists created realistic, life-like artworks.
- Michelangelo Buonarroti, a renowned artist, poet, sculptor and architect, created the famous Pieta sculpture.
The Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 17th centuries that began in Italy in which there was a revival of art and learning inspired by classical antiquity. It emphasized individualism and humanism. The unique social, political, and economic conditions in Italy at the time, particularly in cities like Florence, fostered an environment where new ideas and cultural developments could thrive through wealthy patrons. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced renowned works of art that reflected a new realism and perspective, while thinkers like Machiavelli explored new areas of philosophy, politics and government. The ideals of the Renaissance eventually spread across Europe through trade and travel.
This document provides an overview of travel guide for Italy. It includes a map of Italy and contents listing sections on cities to visit like Florence, Venice and Rome, how to get around by land and water, local customs and manners, what to wear, sights to see, where to stay, food and drink, safety, and famous people. The guide offers brief descriptions of key cities and their attractions as well as tips on transportation, society, politics, beliefs, etiquette, and daily life in 15th century Italy.
Diego Ravalico is an Italian photographer born in 1959 in Trieste, Italy. He developed a love for photography in his teenage years and had his first publication at a national level in 1987. His artistic photos of Venice were tremendously successful and helped transform photography into his full-time career. Ravalico's photos have been displayed in galleries in Paris and Trieste.
Florence underwent rapid changes in the late 1300s. The city was devastated by the Black Death in the late 1300s, which killed over 50,000 residents. However, just 50 years later, Florence had rebounded and was growing in both population and culture, becoming renowned for its beauty, art, and culture. The quick transformation of Florence from a city afflicted by plague to a cultural center can be attributed to the rise of influential merchant families like the Medicis, who helped finance new art and architecture that boosted the city's renown.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian Renaissance, including:
1) The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century, fueled by growing commerce, declining feudalism, and exposure to ancient Greek and Roman culture.
2) Important economic developments like banking and printing supported growth of trade in northern Italian city-states like Florence.
3) Renaissance society was highly stratified and family-focused, with wealthy families vying for political power within city-states.
4) The arts flourished in this period, with painters like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci producing famous works that reflected Renaissance ideals of naturalism, balance, and humanism.
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The diary entry describes meeting a love interest at a dance and later encountering her in the garden at her home. The diarist climbs a tree to her balcony where they agree to meet again, revealing her name is Juliet Capulet. Though their families are enemies, the diarist believes their love can overcome any obstacles and that Juliet is his forever.
Vasco da Gama was a 15th century Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India via sea route. He was educated as a nobleman and trained in sailing. In 1497, he led the first European expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa and reach India. The trip took over three months and sailed over 6,000 miles of open ocean. Upon returning to Portugal in 1499, he was richly rewarded for bringing Portugal's plan to reach India by sea to fruition after 80 years of attempts.
Nigeria recognizes that violence against women is a major problem in the country. Traditional religions and customs have contributed to this issue by allowing polygamy and expecting women's submission to their husbands. Discussions of sexuality are taboo for women and they are often expected to suffer in silence. Nigeria is taking steps to address this through new laws, special police stations and courts for women's issues, and working to promote women's rights and empowerment. Going forward, Nigeria plans to dedicate more resources like building additional police stations and courts to solve the problem of violence against women.
Nigeria recognizes that violence against women is a major problem in the country. Traditional religions and customs have contributed to this issue by allowing polygamy and expecting women's submission to their husbands. Discussions of sexuality are taboo for women and they are often expected to suffer in silence. Nigeria is taking steps to address this through new laws, special police stations and courts for women's issues, and working to promote women's rights and participation in society. The UN also has a mandate to work with countries to eliminate violence against women through data collection, recommendations, and cooperation with other organizations. Nigeria plans to further address the problem by expanding police and court resources dedicated to these cases and strengthening laws.
The document provides an overview of cities to visit during the Renaissance in Italy, including Florence, Rome, and Venice. It summarizes key details about each city:
Florence is described as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, with a strong economy and humanist movement under the Medicis. Rome became the center of the Renaissance in the 15th century under popes like Sixtus IV and Leo X who attracted great artists. Venice developed a unique artistic style under masters like Bellini and was a major trade hub where East met West, supporting many craftspeople. The cities represented centers of politics, religion, art and commerce during this period in Italy.
This document discusses several issues related to equality and discrimination in Italy:
- Italian women are underrepresented in key decision-making roles compared to other European countries. Only 2.2% of local councilors in Italy are women.
- Italy also lags in female representation among MPs, ministers, judges and diplomats. Only 4.8% of judges in the highest courts are women.
- Working Italian women earn 16% less than their male counterparts and Italy has one of the lowest female employment rates in Europe.
- The document also provides recommendations for preventing racism in Italian schools given its diverse population, such as establishing consequences for violations, responding quickly to racial incidents, and using peer counseling.
The document discusses the issue of growing racism in education in Italy. It notes that Italy has a high literacy rate but racism in schools is increasing as the country has seen many migrants from different parts of the world. To address this, Italy should establish consequences for violations of expectations regarding racial incidents, respond quickly to such incidents, and discourage students congregating according to race. Educating students on prejudice and increasing activities where students from different countries work together can help make students more friendly and prevent racism in schools. Italy supports ongoing resolutions focusing on addressing this important issue.
A M O D E L U N I T E D N A T I O N S – N A T I O N A L P R O F I L E D...yshtiwa
Italy is a republic with a president and prime minister. The population is over 58 million, predominantly Roman Catholic. The economy has a GDP of $1.756 trillion and unemployment of 7.5%. Major issues include illegal immigration and organized crime. Italy joined the UN in 1955.
Yash Tiwari wrote a travel guide to Italy during the Renaissance period between 1400-1600 AD. The guide provides information on Italian history during this time of change, how to get around cities by land or sea, descriptions of famous cities like Florence, Rome and Venice, housing, food, entertainment, clothing and famous people including Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo and Michelangelo. The guide is intended to help people traveling to Italy during this period in history understand what life was like.
Health and wellness issues like eyestrain and ergonomic problems can arise from improper computer use. Symptoms of eyestrain include muscle spasms, backache, headache, and heavy eyelids. To avoid eyestrain, one should position the monitor at eye level, take periodic breaks, and minimize glare. Ergonomics involves designing workspaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic practices include keeping the head and neck vertical, maintaining a straight torso, and avoiding excessive reaching or twisting of the elbows.
The nucleus was discovered in 1831 and is the controlling center of the cell. It usually located in the center and contains the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and chromatin material. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is rich in protein and RNA, and chromatin contains DNA which carries genetic information. The nucleus controls cell activities and metabolism by regulating enzyme synthesis.
2. The Renaissance (History)
The Renaissance as a cultural movement that spanned roughly the
1400 to the beginning of the 1600’s. The word is French for 'rebirth'.
Historians first use it (from about 1840) for the period from the 14th to
the 16th century, implying a rediscovery of rational civilization
(exemplified by Greece and Rome) after the medieval centuries - seen
as superstitious and artistically primitive.
The Renaissance may be vivid in the mind's eye - in images of human
figures sculpted in the round, or in scenes painted with a profound and
moving realism. But as a concept it is a slippery customer.
The Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well
as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic
developments and the contributions of such polymath as Leonardo de
Vinchi and Michelangelo who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th
century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics,
science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance
scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for
realism and human emotion in art.
The Renaissance may be vivid in the mind's eye - in images of human
figures sculpted in the round, or in scenes painted with a profound and
2
moving realism. But as a concept it is a slippery customer.
3. Cities to visit in Renaissance
Italy
Coat of arms
Florence
Birthplace of the Italian Renaissance
The Renaissance was a rebirth that occurred throughout most of Europe. However,
the changes that we associate with the Renaissance first occurred in the Italian city
of Florence and continued to be more pervasive there than anywhere else. The city's
economy and its writers, painters, architects, and philosophers all made Florence a
model of Renaissance culture.
Fifteenth-century Florence was an exciting place to be. In 1425 the city had a
population of 60,000 and was a self-governed, independent city-state. Twelve artist
guilds that regulated the trades were the basis of Florence's commercial success.
Members of the guilds, who were wealthy and held positions in government, were
some of Florence's most influential people in society and politics. Because of its
strong economy and a political philosophy that was dedicated to the welfare of the
city, Florence thrived. Many families of Florence, beginning in the thirteenth century,
were successful bankers. The Florentine gold coin known as the florin was of such
reliable purity that it was the standard coinage throughout Europe. Florentine
bankers were known throughout Europe as well, for they established banking
houses in other important cities such as London, Geneva, and Bruges (Belgium).
Life In Florence
The humanist movement was strong in Florence. Cosimo de Medici, Florence's
wealthiest and most influential citizen, studied the works of ancient authors and
collected manuscripts of classical writings.
The Florentines enjoyed many pleasurable diversions from business and intellectual
life. Lorenzo de Medici, Cosimo's grandson who was known as "The Magnificent,"
influenced the types of entertainment held and often sponsored the activities.
Mystery plays, based on the theme of the Passion (the sufferings of Jesus), were
regularly staged for the enjoyment and edification of the citizens. To celebrate the
feast day of Saint John, Florence's patron saint, Florentines held a horse race that
ran throughout the city. And festivals held during the season before Lent--called
Carnival--were grand productions, especially in the late fifteenth century.
Florence Art and Architecture
3
Florence, like many cities of the Renaissance, had been built over many years and so
was home to numerous churches, public buildings, and houses constructed with
4. Rome, the city of God
During the Middle Ages, the city of
Rome was abandoned due to the
transfer of the papal court to
Avignon, in France. The absence of
the Pope caused a severe economic
crisis that forced the population to
abandon the city. Reduced to
poverty, Rome became a mass of
ruins where herds of sheep and
cattle grazed. But, after the year
1418, the year when Pope Martin V
Rome was not the centre of the Renaissance from the very beginning: Flourishing
commerce, particularly with the East, went hand in hand with cultural progress
particularly around cities such as Venice and Florence. The race for power set the
various noble families of Rome into direct competition as each attempted to
outdo the next in terms of magnificence.
This soon allowed Rome to compete with any of the other European cities in
terms of wealth, beauty and art and indeed to overtake those cities that hitherto
had exhibited a far greater cultural and economic development, such as Florence
for example. Rome became the centre of the Renaissance movement in Europe,
attracting many if not all of the greatest and most gifted artists and architects of
the age. Men such as Bramante, Michaelangelo and Rafael were given one
commission after another to complete and beautify the city of God.
The City In The Renaissance
The entry of Pope Martin V (a member of the Colonna family) into Rome in 1420
marked the beginning of the Renaissance city and of the absolute papal rule that
lasted until 1870. Although Martin was neither a builder nor a patron of the arts, he
laid the foundations of government that made Rome the capital of a Renaissance state.
From this period the apostolic vice chamberlain, as governor of Rome, controlled
municipal offices, communal finances, and the statutes of the city. The Roman
commune was transformed into a unit of authoritarian papal rule, and the surrounding
Papal States (the various territories of the pope in central Italy) increasingly came
under the firm control of papal officials.
During the 15th-century pontificates of Nicholas V and, especially, Sixtus IV, the
squalid narrow streets of medieval Rome were widened and paved, and new
Renaissance buildings replaced crumbling structures. At the same time, the
monuments of ancient Rome suffered further damage as they were torn apart for their
building materials, and their marble went too often into the lime kilns rather than into
new structures. However, the popes attracted scholars and artists from across Italy,
and by the end of the 15th century Rome had become the principal centre of
4
Renaissance culture. The high point was reached under Leo X(reigned 1513–21), with
his plans for the new St Peter’s and his patronage of such artists as Michelangelo and
5. Venice, where East meets West
Just as with Florence, Venice was a Republic during the
Renaissance. Actually, Venice was an empire that
controlled land in modern day Italy, a whole lot of sea
coast down the Adriatic and countless islands. It enjoyed a
stable political climate and thriving trade economy, both
of which survived outbreaks of the Black Death and the fall
of Constantinople (a major trading partner). Venice was, in
fact, so prosperous and healthy that it took someone
named Napoleon to undo its empire status...but, that was
quite a while after the Renaissance had faded away and
had nothing to do with art.
The important part is, Venice (again, like Florence) had the
economy to support art and artists, and did so in a big
way.
As a major port of trade, Venice was able to find ready
markets for whatever decorative arts Venetian craftsmen
could produce. The whole Republic was crawling with
ceramists, glassworkers, woodworkers, lace makers and
Venice: The leading art center
Although concurrent with the Italian High Renaissance, the Venetian Renaissance
is considered separately. Venice was a stable, powerful and prosperous city
where East meets West. It was independent from the Church in Rome, and
enjoyed a more relaxed outlook with attitudes to match. Wealthy patrons eagerly
supported the arts for both public and private use. Venetian artists were treated
as craftsmen and didn't enjoy the high intellectual regard afforded their Italian
Renaissance contemporaries. Venetian painting is filled with the soft, muted,
reflected light one sees in Venice. Many of the subjects were stated as allegories.
While Venetian art appeals more to the senses and emotion, Italian High
Renaissance art focuses more on intellect. Venetian art is imbued with soft,
reflected light, and muted tones.
Venice was the leading center of art in Northern Italy. In Venice a unique style of
art flourished, led by master Giovanni Bellini and his pupils, Giorgione and Titian.
Giovanni Bellini, also emerged as a Venetian master in the Early Renaissance. The
contours and lines of his paintings are not as brittle and sharp as those of
Mantegna. His colors are softer and his paintings are more light-filled than
Mantegna's. Bellini shows a regard for every detail of nature. He was an
established artist when the era of Venetian painting came into its own during
what is
known as the High Renaissance. 5
Giorgione is considered one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.
Unfortunately, he died young - in his early thirties - after contracting the plague,
6. . By land
• For most people during the Renaissance traveling by land was limited to the local
fair of farmer’s Market. Road were little more than rocky pathways, and could be
dangerous, with bandits waiting to pounce on unsuspecting travelers. Common
vehicles for traveling on land during the Renaissance Italy included horses, pack
mules, wagons and for the wealthy, coaches. The most common way to get around
on land was on foot. And it was usually the most efficient. Carts and wagons were
slow and cumbersome. Traveling by horseback was the fastest way, but only the
wealthy had horses for riding.
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7. Local customs and manners
(p.6 and 7)
Society
While it has been traditionally viewed simply as the context
for extraordinary artistic creativity, patronage has more
recently been examined by historians and art historians
alike as a comprehensive system of patron-client
structures which permeated society and social relations.
Day-to-day life
Both Catholics and Protestants celebrated Sunday as a holy
day and a day off from work. In many places, such as
England, the law required people to attend church every
week and to take Communion a certain number of times a
year. (And from 1570 into the 1590s, the law also
demanded that Englishmen, except for nobles, wear
woolen caps to church-part of a government plan to
support the nation's wool industry.) After the worship
service, or between morning and evening services, there
was often time for fun and relaxation. Monks and nuns
were expected to follow a specific rule of behavior. Many
monasteries used the sixth-century Rule of Saint Benedict,
sometimes altered to reflect the goals of different
monastic groups. A portion of the Rule was read aloud in
the monastery every morning so that everyone would
remember how they were supposed to behave. By the
Renaissance, however, there were numerous complaints
that monks and nuns were not living the simple life that
the Rule required. In the wake of the Protestant
Reformation, the Catholic Church made an extra effort to
encourage monks and nuns to go back to closely following
the Rule.
Politics president, king
Henry VIII of England, the monarch who broke away from the
Catholic Church and established the Church of England, this led to
years of religious strife. Holbein, a German painter moved to
England, where he became the official court portrait painter to king
Henry VIII.
Julius II was elected pope 1503. Henry VIII of England, the
His papacy was notable for monarch who broke away
vigorous political and military from the Catholic Church
campaigns to consolidate the and established the
Church’s power, as well as a Church of England, this led
flourishing of the arts that made to years of religious strife.
Rome
the unrivaled center of High Holbein, a German painter 7
Renaissance culture. He summoned moved to England, where
Raphael and Michelangelo to Rome he became the official
8. Local manners (e.g., table manners) Michelangelo painted the
ceiling of the Sistine
As with most everything in Renaissance Europe,
Italy set the style and pace in courtly graces and
manners in the early 16th century. Italy led
Europe in hygiene, dress, cooking, table
manners and conversation and considered the
rest of Europe, with the exception of a thin
upper crust in England and France, as little
better than barbarians. The French, impressed
with their own adaptation of Italian manners,
tended to agree.
Italy's leadership in manners and courtly
behavior actually began in the High Middle
Ages. Many books describing proper behavior
Beliefs
Renaissance humanists believed that the liberal arts (art, music, grammar, rhetoric,
oratory, history, poetry, using classical texts, and the studies of all of the above)
should be practiced by all levels of "richness". They also approved of self, human
worth and individual dignity. They hold the belief that everything in life has a
determinate nature, but man's privilege is to be able to choose his own nature.
Scholars began comparing their accomplishments with the glories of the achievements
of ancient Greece and Rome. During the 14th century, one group of Italian writers
believed that the current age was like the great civilizations of the past because the
current age showed an emphasis on artists and their achievements as did, as they
believed, all great societies of the past.
A shift in political beliefs began too. Florentine scholar Leonardo Bruni believed the
best form of government was a republican or representative form of government. He,
and like-minded thinkers, found such a government when they studied ancient Rome
before the emperors came to power. They believed this was the best model for a
government to take. This movement encouraged education in social and political life.
They believed in patriotism and in humanistic learning and that, the residents of
Florence, in particular, and other Italian cities should be proud of their heritage.
Death
By Shakespeare's time, humanism and the revival of classical philosophy resulted in
the growing influence of alternative ways of thinking about death. As a subject for
8
9. What to wear (p.8 and 9)
Clothes
A part of the Age of Renaissance was the reign of Queen
Elizabeth. The clothing during that period spoke much about the
social standing of the wearer. One could largely distinguish
between aristocracy or nobility and the lower-downs. In fact what
one wore was extremely important, as compared to the present
day scenario.
The rich wore fabrics such as velvet, satin and cotton, whereas
the poor wore flannel and other cheaply available fabrics. It may
It is believed that during the
surprise some how cotton was regarded as a rich person’s
Renaissance, clothes wore such an
clothing. In those days, cotton was not easily available as
important treasure that those
compared to today and was imported from India and America,
belonging to the upper classes of
levying a high taxation. Amongst the common fabrics were flax
nobility and aristocracy would
and wool. Wool was spun into a form know as tweed.
spend all their earnings on what
they wore. The women finely
decorated their dresses. Typical
Renaissance clothing was not just
limited to England, which was ruled
by Queen Elizabeth, but its
9
10. Men of the Renaissance Age commonly wore
boots, pants, a shirt, a vest and a hat. Women
would be seen wearing shoes, an over and under
skirt, a shirt, a bodice, and a hat or snood. They
generally braided their long hair. Curls were a
mark of beauty. Children after the age of years
would wear what the adults wore.
Fashion
Because the Renaissance era encompasses approximately 150 years of history, its
fashions changed dramatically from beginning to end. At the dawn of the Renaissance
in 1450, clothing styles were influenced by Medieval and Gothic designs, as well as the
Italian Renaissance movement in art. Women's fashions assumed a more natural
appearance from their Gothic predecessors. Dresses gradually lost their long trains,
and flowing skirts became increasingly popular. The robe, which was actually a dress
with an attached bodice and skirt, appeared on the fashion scene. In addition, the long,
rigid, corset that extended in a cone shape below the waist to a V debuted during the
early part of the Renaissance period. Women also began showing their hair again.
Instead of covering their heads, they adorned their coiffures with shimmering veils and
dazzling jewels. In men's fashions, doublets shortened and low-necked tunics and
Braiding
chemises became common garb. Hose became a common necessity for the well-
dressed gentleman. Brocades and velvets were among the favored fabrics for both
men's and women's clothing.
Hair
Women had been a very vital part of this century for the hair styles tell mostly about
them. Tell of their life and social standing in this passed time.
Generally, renaissance hair styles are all about long hairs. So now I will present to
you two different hair styles of some hair styles present during this era.
The act of braiding the hair of many women which is long was originally the custom.
Even artworks, paintings, tapestries and other captured and documented this through
the ages that show us many women who wore their hair in elaborate braids and
styles, with hair that fell well past their hips in most cases.
Beauty
Women of the Renaissance period did not concern themselves with things like a few
extra pounds of weight. In fact, just the opposite was true. The ideal beauty of that
era was
more voluptuous than perhaps any other time in history. Paintings from the
10
11. What to see and do
Art
The Renaissance patrons wanted art that showed joy in human
beauty and life’s pleasures. Renaissance art is more lifelike than in the
art of the Middle Ages. Renaissance artists studied perspective, or the
differences in the way things look when they are close to something or
far away. The artists painted in a way that showed these differences. As
a result, their paintings seem to have depth.
An artist from Florence named Giotto was one of the first to
paint in this new style. Giotto lived more than a century before the
beginning of the Renaissance, but his paintings show real emotion. The
bodies look solid, and the background of his Leonardo da Vinci was
paintings shows
born in 1452 in the village of
Vinci. Leonardo began his career
working for a master painter in
Florence. His Last Supper shows
clearly the different feelings of
Jesus and his followers.
Leonardo’s fame grew—but not
just for his painting. Leonardo
was truly a “Renaissance Man,”
skilled in many fields. He was a
scientist and an inventor as well
as an artist. He made notes and
drawings of everything he saw.
Leonardo invented clever
machines, and even designed
imitation wings that he hoped
would let a person fly like a bird.
Michelangelo Buonarroti of Florence was one of the greatest
artists of all time. Like Leonardo, Michelangelo was a “Renaissance
Man” of many talents. He was a sculptor, a painter, and an architect.
When Michelangelo carved a statue of Moses, he included veins and
muscles in the arms and legs.
Michelangelo was a devout Christian, and the church was his
greatest patron. He designed the dome of St. Peter’s church in
Rome. Nearby, Michelangelo’s paintings cover the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel, the building where new popes have been selected for
11
more than five hundred years. Michelangelo’s painting illustrates the
Book of Genesis, with scenes that span from the Creation to the
12. What to eat
Food and Cooking
During the Renaissance, as in ages past, food was a
matter of social class, as well as region and season. In
modest European homes, meat was not necessarily
served every day (although for special occasions,
meat dishes were often served in abundance, to
display the generosity of the host). Bread was the
fundamental staple for the lower and middle classes,
was made with cheaper grains than wheat: barley and
rye, for example. Meals for the lower social classes
usually consisted of dark bread such as rye or barley,
The middle class enjoyed more variety, as each meal generally consisted of
several different dishes, with a game bird of some kind being the standard main
course. For dessert, the middle class dined on sweets and confections with
spiced wine. Meals for the wealthiest classes were similar to those of the middle
class, although the rich also enjoyed unusual delicacies such as molded jelly and
pastries. The bread of the upper classes was made with a higher proportion of
wheat, which was more finely ground and sifted. Stale bread was cut into
squares and used for trenchers, a surface on which to serve other foods and
sauces. When the rich were done with their meals, the sauce-soaked bread was
usually given to the poor.
Most meat was usually served either extremely fresh (birds kept in cages until
killed for dinner), or salted and preserved. The spicing of many Renaissance
recipes was intended to mask the fact that the meat was extremely salty and had
to be soaked and boiled for a long time. Meat was commonly served in ragouts
and pottages, or baked into pies. Roasted meats naturally had to be fresh and of
Usual types of food in the
renaissance:
1. Soups
2. Roasts
3. Salads
4. Cheese
5. Pastas
6. Pastries
7. Seasonings
8. Side-Dishes
9. Desserts, Appetizers
12
13. Diseases and wars in the Renaissance
Black
One theory that has been advanced is that the
devastation caused by the Black Death in Florence, which
hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in
the world view of people in 14th-century Italy. Italy was
particularly badly hit by the plague, and it has been
speculated that the familiarity with death that this
brought caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on
Earth, rather than on spiritually and the afterlife. It has
also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new
wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious
works of art. However, this does not fully explain why
Great Pox
During the 1490's, northern Italy was struck with a series of terrifying events which
the Florentine historian Guicciardini would later characterize as the calamity of Italy:
Charles VIII of France invaded in 1494; the winter of 14956 was intensely cold; there
were floods, earthquakes, and a serious famine. In the midst of this, a new disease
broke out in Italy, reportedly arriving with the French troops in Naples in 1494. It
covered the body with abscesses and racked • with pain. Eventually the malady filled
it The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
the streets with beggars, for, unlike the plague, it killed slowly. Roses (1455-1485
• The Wars of the
• The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
Wars • The Valois-Hapsburg Wars
• The Eighty Years War
• The Wars of Religion [Huguenot Wars]
(1562-1598)
• The Thirty Years War
• The English Civil Wars
• The Anglo-Dutch Wars
• The War of the League of Augsburg
• The Great Northern War
The warfare of this period was affected by developing technologies:
• gunpowder (introduced to Europe in the mid 13th century)
• artillery (chiefly bombards used as siege weapons)
• muskets (a heavy, smoothbore gun fired from the shoulder, invented in the
15th century)
• rifles (guns having a rifled bore, invented in 1520)
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In military terms, the period is perhaps best described as pike and shot, describing
the principal arms of the foot soldiers of the time. Tactics developed from the
14. Imortant people: Leonardo da Vinci
Born in the Tuscan village of Vinci near Florence, Leonardo (1452-1519) was the
embodiment of the "Universal Renaissance Man," or uomo universale. He worked as a
sculptor and architect, and also painted a small number of pictures. He kept
voluminous notebooks and wrote on many topics, with plans to publish treatises on
painting, anatomy, mechanics, and water, among others. He is also left notes on
geometry, bronze casting, ancient weapons, a bestiary, riddles, fables, and more, and
was famed for his inventions. Although regarded as a Florentine artist, he worked
mostly in Milan, as a military engineer for the Sforzas, and died in France at the court
of Francis I.
Leonardo da Vinci was a man who had attained mastery over all branches of art and
science. He was a painter, sculptor, architect and engineer besides being a scholar in
the natural sciences, medicine and philosophy. Leonardo is probably most famous for
painting the Mona Lisa, which is one of the world's best-known and most widely
recognized works of art.
He was commissioned by Francesco del Giocondo, a friend of Leonardo's father, to
paint a portrait of the man's wife, Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo. The result was the
Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) (1503-1506), Some of the attributesonethisthe most famous
which was to become of of list of talents
pictures in the world, although the portrait was artist, sculptor, time and never
include: not finished in anatomist, urban
delivered to the client. Leonardo received several more important commissions,
planner, mathematician, inventor, gourmet
including the commission to decorate the Grand Council athelete, architect--and the
cook, equestrian, Chamber in the Palazzo
Vecchio, the seat of government of Florence.
list continues. A man so far ahead of his
time, his inventions included prototypes of
helicopters and flying machines, parachutes
Leonardo's Flying Machine
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15. Imortant people: Michelangelo Buonarroti
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in the village of
Caprese, Italy. He was one of the most important artists of the Italian
Renaissance, a period when the arts and sciences flourished.
Michelangelo became an apprentice to prominent Florentine painter,
Domenico Ghirlandaio at the age of 12, but soon began to study sculpture
instead. He attracted the attention and patronage of Lorenzo de Medici,
who was ruler of Florence until 1492.
At age 23, Michelangelo completed his magnificent Pieta, a marble statue
that shows the Virgin Mary grieving over the dead Jesus. He began work
on the colossal figure of "David" in 1501, and by 1504 the sculpture
(standing at 4.34m/14 ft 3 in tall) was in place outside the Palazzo
Vecchio. The statue became a symbol for the new republic that had
replaced Medici rule.
Michelangelo portrayed David partly as the ideal man, partly as an
adolescent youth. Unlike predesessors by other sculptors which depict
David with the grissly head of the giant under his foot, Michelangelo poses
David at the moment he faces the giant, with the deed before him. He
believed this was the moment of David's greatest courage.
From 1508 until 1512 Michelangelo worked on his most famous project,
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He had always considered
himself a sculptor and resisted painting the Sistine with characteristic
vehemence: "I cannot live under pressures from patrons, let alone paint."
Only the power of the Pope Julius II forced him into the reluctant
achievement of the world's greatest single fresco. He covered the ceiling
with paintings done on wet plaster, showing nine scenes from the Old
Testament. Michelangelo later painted "The Last Judgment" on the altar
wall of the Sistine Chapel.
Toward the end of his life, Michelangelo became more involved in
architecture and poetry. In 1546 he was made chief architect of the partly
finished St. Peter’s Basalica in Rome, where the Pieta is now kept.
15
16. Imortant people: Sandro Bottice'i
Botticelli, a Florentine painter, was one of the most distinctive and popular of
Renaissance artists. Apprenticed to Filippo Lippi, he developed a highly
personalized style taking Filippo Lippi's linear approach to new heights of
gracefulness. His work was elegantly executed with a rich language of sometimes
highly personal and melancholy gesture.
By 1480 Botticelli had is own workshop with assistants. He spent almost all of his
life working for the great families of Florence, especially the Medici family, for
whom he painted portraits, most notably the Giuliano de' Medici. Adoration of the
Magi was painted on commission (though not for the Medicis), and contains
likenesses of the Medici family. His ideal of feminine beauty is shown in his
Imortant people: King Matthias
The most popular of all Hungarian Kings was Matthias Corvinus. The Renaissance
King's (1458 - 1490) popularity was based on his uncomplicated, traditional character.
Since 1301 (the extinction of the Hungarian House of Árpád) he was the first
Hungarian on the throne. Matthias valued the sciences, arts and architecture, he
invited foreign humanists, writers, musicians and artist. In his court he was
entertaining such outstanding guests as the renaissance poet Janus Pannonius, the
Italian historian Antonio Bonfini and the astronomer Regiomontanus (Johann Müller).
The first Hungarian press and set up the Corvin library that held at least 500 volumes.
Culturally Hungary was equal to any West European nation. Under King Matthias
Hungary also became one of the most powerful nations in Europe. Thanks to his
flamboyance the Renaissance reached Hungary at an early date. Matthias, brought up
by eminent Humanists, was passionately fond of the new artistic luxuries, and highly
prized the relics of classical Greece and Rome. After he married Beatrix of Aragon
(daughter of the King of Naples), representatives of Italian Renaissance found a second
home in his court. Contemporary descriptions of the court of Matthias provide
splendid pictures of the feasts where, after exotic and highly spiced dishes, Matthias
16
17. Bibliography (p. 17 and 18)
Page 1:
picture: http://www.artchive.com/artchive/m/michelangelo/deluge.jpg
Page 2:
picture 1: http://library.thinkquest.org/2838/renmap.gif
picture 2: http://wine.appellationamerica.com/images/appellations/features/
renaissance-art-300.jpg
picture 3: http://www.kmkz.com/jonesj/gallery/renaissance%20italy%5B1%5D.jpg
text 1: The Renaissance Period, www.library.thinkquest.org, 26 Sept 2009, http://
library.thinkquest.org/15413/history/history-ren.htm
text 2: Jacob Burchardt Renaissance-Cultural history, www.age-of-the-sage.org, 26
Sept 2009, http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/
Jacob_Burckhardt.html
Text 3: Why did the Renaissance start in Italy during the 15th century?,
www.coursework.info, 27 Sept 2009, http://www.coursework.info/GCSE/Art/
Why_did_the_Renaissance_start_in_Italy_d_L112408.html
Page 3:
picture 1: http://www.vacation-italy.com/images/santa-croce-1-exterior.jpg
picture 2: http://www.iub.edu/%7Efrithome/news/images/canal.jpg
picture 3: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Firenze-
Stemma.png
text: Renaissance: Focus on Florence, www.learner.org, 27 Sept 2009, http://
www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence.html
Page 4:
picture 1: http://romeitaly.ca/images/palazzosenatorio.jpg
picture 2: http://www.michaelhaldane.com/CockLandscape.jpg
text:Tour of Renaissance Rome, www.tours-italy.com, 27 Sept 2009, http://
www.tours-italy.com/rome/renaissance.htm
Book: Corrain Lucia, The Art of The Renaissance, p.30, Firenze, Italia, Volo publisher,
2008
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18. Page 6:
picture 1: http://www.miniwagons.com/images/old_style_photo.jpg
picture 2: http://www.cowboycooking.com/photo1.jpg
picture 3: http://www.decalzone.com/images/decals/animals/wst094.png
picture 4: http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/images/Europe/factfile/
Santamaria.jpg
Page 7:
picture 1: http://www.wikiwak.com/image/09julius.jpg
picture 2: http://www.iamthewitness.com/books/img/King.Henry.VIII.jpg
text 1: Life in The Renaissance, www.kathrynhinds.com, 28 Sept 2009, http://
www.kathrynhinds.com/RENAISSANCE.htm#Reviews
text 2: Lord Aubrey de Baudricourt, Courtly graces and manners in the renaissance,
www.stormypetrel.org, 28 Sept 2009, http://www.stormypetrel.org/aubrey/
arpcourt.html
Book: Corrain Lucia, The Art of The Renaissance, p.5 and 60, Firenze, Italia, Volo
publisher, 2008
Page 8:
picture 1: http://www.christusrex.org/www1/Sistine/0-Sistine.gif
picture 2: website adress not found
text 1: Death: The undiscovered country, www.internetshakespeare.uvic.ca, 29 Sept
2009, http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/ideas/death2.html
Page 9:
picture 1: http://christianliturgyandtradition.podbean.com/wp-content/
blogs5/89331/uploads/renaissance-clothing-5.jpg
picture 2: http://images.buycostumes.com/mgen/merchandiser/31346.jpg
text 1: The Renaissance Era (1450-1600), Fashion, www.erasofelegance.com, 29
Sept 2009, http://www.erasofelegance.com/history/renaissancelife.html
text 2: Costumes and Clothing Renaissance, The Italian Renaissance,
www.geocities.com, 29 Sept 2009, http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/
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7631/costume4.htm,
text 3: Renaissance Life, The Renaissance, www.realarmorofgod.com, 30 Sept 2009
19. Page 11:
picture 1: http://www.penwith.co.uk/artofeurope/
leonardo_da_vinci_last_supper.jpg
picture 2: http://www.mrdowling.com/images/704moses.jpg
text 1: The Mind of Leonardo, In Leonardo’s Studio, www.brunelleschi.imss.fi.it, 30
Sept 2009, http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/menteleonardo/emdl.asp?
c=13419&k=13394&rif=13394
Page 12:
picture 1: http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/food-art/cook_kitchen.gif
picture 2: http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/86050/1/Market-Woman-
With-Fruit,-Vegetables-And-Poultry-1564.jpg
text 1: Renaissance Food, www.renaissance-spell.com, 1 Oct 2009, http://
www.renaissance-spell.com/Renaissance-Food.html
Page 13:
picture 1: http://wikibiddle.wikispaces.com/file/view/black_death.jpg/71613283
picture 2: http://www.jasinski.co.uk/wojna/battles/1600-Sw/1600-Sw-07.htm
text 1: The Black Death, www.socyberty.com, 2 Oct 2009, http://socyberty.com/
history/the-black-death-2/
Page 14:
picture 1: http://www.imagekind.com/Art/renaissance_art/italian_renaissance_art/
italian_renaissance_art.jpg
picture 2: http://palscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/leonardo-da-
vinci.jpg
picture 3: http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Images/art-friends/leonardo-da-
vinci-art.jpg
text 1: Leonardo da Vinci, www.en.wikipedia.org, 3 Oct 2009, http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
Page 15:
picture 1: http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96mar/96margifs/michelangelo.gif
picture 2: http://arthistorystudents.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/pieta_small.jpg
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